أخلاقيات الحرب والسلم بين السيرة النبوية والنهضة الحسينية: قراءة في المدونات التاريخية

War has long been a controversial phenomenon accompanying human history, driven by motives ranging from the instinct for survival to the desire for domination. However, the Islamic message introduced a fundamental conceptual transformation in the philosophy of power. The Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) transformed war from an absolute act of destruction into a “necessity measured according to its need,” governed by strict ethical regulations aimed at repelling aggression and establishing justice rather than annihilation or revenge.
The Prophetic tradition laid the foundations for what may be termed the “humanization of war” through regulations that prohibited treachery, forbade targeting non-combatants, and made mercy the governing principle over the sword even under the most difficult circumstances. Within Islamic history, the event of al-Taff (61 AH) represents the most critical turning point and the true test of the continuity of these Prophetic values after the departure of their founder.
The movement of Imam Husayn (A.S.) was not merely a political protest; rather, it was an exceptional attempt to reinfuse the Muslim community with the Muhammadan values that had been weakened by policies based on power devoid of ethics. Thus, Karbala emerges not only as a human tragedy but also as a military and administrative theater managed by Imam Husayn according to a methodology entirely consistent with that of his grandfather, the Chosen Prophet.
A careful reading of historical sources reveals that Imam Husayn faced a dual challenge at Karbala: the challenge of physical survival against a vast army and the challenge of preserving the moral integrity of warfare and the legitimacy of his ethical position. The evidence indicates that he sacrificed the former for the sake of the latter, preferring death to violating the ethical principles of Prophetic warfare.
The significance of this study lies in highlighting an essential dimension that may be overlooked by emotional readings of Karbala: How were the ethics of war and peace reflected in Imam Husayn’s conduct? And how did the events of al-Taff practically demonstrate the principle that “Imam Husayn is the continuation of the Prophet of justice and mercy”?
This research seeks to examine authoritative historical texts in order to answer these questions, arguing that Husayn’s moral victory was the result of his unwavering commitment to the Prophetic jurisprudence of war.
The study relies on collecting primary material from its original sources, analyzing and comparing historical reports in order to identify the most significant aspects and milestones of the subject under examination. The research strives for objectivity, impartiality, and fidelity to historical truth. We ask Almighty God to grant us success in what pleases Him. Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and blessings and peace be upon the Trustworthy Prophet and his pure and immaculate Household until the Day of Judgment.
Research Question
The study revolves around the following central question:
How were the Prophetic ethics of war and peace manifested in the military and leadership conduct of Imam Husayn (A.S.) during the event of al-Taff, and what historical evidence demonstrates that his movement was a methodological continuation of the Muhammadan values of justice and mercy rather than merely a political conflict?
This central question gives rise to several secondary questions:

Did Imam Husayn adhere to the principle of prohibiting the initiation of hostilities despite the imbalance of military power?
How were humanitarian values embodied in Imam Husayn’s treatment of his opponents, particularly the army of al-Hurr ibn Yazid al-Riyahi?
What were the ethical differences between the Husayni camp, which adhered to Prophetic principles, and the Umayyad camp, which violated them, according to historical records?

Research Methodology

Employing the inductive historical method to trace reports found in primary sources.
Using the comparative method to examine texts from the Prophetic biography alongside those from the narratives of Karbala.
Applying the analytical method to derive ethical implications from historical events.

Findings

The study revealed Imam Husayn’s firm commitment to the principle prohibiting the initiation of warfare as an established legal and religious norm. He refused to exploit the military exhaustion of the opposing army during the initial encounter, preferring to forgo a tactical advantage in order to preserve the legitimacy of his defensive position in accordance with the Prophetic instructions given to Imam Ali at Khaybar.
The research identified a conscious prioritization of humanitarian values over military interests, as demonstrated by the Husayni camp’s provision of water to the opposing army and their horses, despite the strategic importance of water as a means of pressure in a desert environment. This reflects the dominance of mercy over the material logic of war.
The study documented the refusal of Imam Husayn’s envoy to employ assassination or treachery to achieve decisive political gains, based on doctrinal principles prohibiting believers from engaging in betrayal. This reinforced the principle of the moral superiority of means established by the Prophetic tradition in confronting the tyranny of authority.
The findings showed that war, in Husayni thought, was a measure of necessity rather than an initial objective. Imam Husayn exhausted every effort to employ dialogue, preaching, and moral exhortation before military engagement, seeking both the moral redemption of his opponents and the removal of any historical excuse that might justify the ruling authority.
The study further demonstrated, through defensive measures and battlefield arrangements, the Husayni leadership’s concern for protecting vulnerable groups. Particular emphasis was placed on shielding women and children from the conflict and calling upon the opposing side to uphold human decency in safeguarding non-combatants even under the harshest conditions.

Conclusions

The findings establish a unity of method and purpose between the Prophetic biography and the Husayni movement. Imam Husayn’s actions at Karbala were not merely political reactions but a precise embodiment of the Muhammadan ethical system. This confirms that the Husayni movement constituted the legitimate moral continuation of the Prophet’s message in both its peaceful and military dimensions.
The study concludes that Imam Husayn’s adherence to ethical regulations of warfare—such as refusing to initiate combat and leaving the door of repentance open to his opponents—negates any interpretation of the movement as a struggle for political power. Rather, it demonstrates that the movement was a moral and spiritual revival aimed at preserving the ethical identity of the Muslim community, which had nearly been overwhelmed by utilitarian politics.
The research finds that the event of al-Taff presented an early and unique model of what is now known as international humanitarian law, through the distinction between combatants and civilians, the prohibition of mutilating bodies, and the rejection of thirst as a weapon of war. This demonstrates the precedence of Islamic thought in formulating standards of just warfare that preserve human dignity even under the harshest circumstances.
The results confirm that the success of the Husayni movement should not be measured by immediate military standards but rather by its ability to preserve the moral integrity of warfare and the nobility of means. Through his commitment to Prophetic ethics, Imam Husayn transformed a material military defeat into a lasting moral victory, making his movement a universal point of reference for liberation movements seeking justice.
The study provides an evidentiary argument refuting claims that seek to deny the legitimacy of Imam Husayn’s uprising. His commitment to avoiding bloodshed and presenting his case until the very last moments demonstrates his concern for social peace and confirms that war was imposed upon him rather than chosen voluntarily.
Finally, the study concludes that the Husayni movement established an ethical school in dealing with opponents, founded upon inclusion and mercy—as exemplified by the case of al-Hurr ibn Yazid al-Riyahi. This reinforces the principle that the objective of jihad in Islam is the guidance of humanity and the establishment of truth, not extermination or revenge.